This volumes draws on the history of the philanthropy of India's economic elites to examine how their ideas and understanding of development have shifted and changed over time. Kumar shows how development in India provided the moral justification for the protection of commercial interests during a turbulent period of Indian history. Arun Kumar has written a fascinating archive-based study of Indian philanthropy over the course of the twentieth century. The book shows in great depth and detail how Indian elite philanthropies - from Bombay Parsis, Marwaris in Calcutta, and Ahmedabad's textile industrialists - forged their ideas of modernity and development within colonial India and after independence. Those elites' caste and religious identities ensured disagreements and debates on the meaning of development and modernity, yet played a profound role in the development of key development concepts such as self-reliance. This comparative approach is one of the most fascinating aspects of this landmark, ground-breaking study. There are few such in depth and detailed original studies of Indian philanthropy - Arun Kumar's book has set a very high bar for future scholars.