The humans have been utilizing plants for their benefit since the advent of human history and it is necessary to understand various aspects of different plants. This book describes various aspects of Croton caudatus Geiseler, which is known to have several medicinal properties. The particular emphasis has been given to its phytochemistry, where analysis of several bioactive phytochemicals has been carried out since the medicinal activity of this plant may be due to these phytochemicals. The importance of free radical generated oxidative stress cannot be underestimated as the materials possessing antioxidant potential may help to inhibit several diseases.The microscopic evaluation and HPLC profiling are essential in quality control. The present studies show that Croton caudatus leaves have various phytochemicals and could be a potential source of natural antioxidant. The microscopic evaluation and HPLC profiling of Croton caudatus leaf will provide useful information for its identity, purity and quality of the plant material for future reference and all these information will help in putting the traditional use on firm footing scientifically.