Academics and security analysts have warned for some time now that climate change threatens the allocation of resources and it could further allege to increase forced migration and trigger conflicts. Sub-Saharan Africa is one of the most vulnerable regions in the world to climate change because of widespread poverty and limited adaptive capacity. The socioeconomic structure in this region is weak and bases on agrarian economy. Tanzania is one of the countries that have been experiencing environmental change and violent conflicts in recent years. While this book cannot confirm whether the changing environment in Kilosa district, Tanzania is due to climate change or climate variability, it found that permanent migration, temporary mobility and conflicts in the area have strong relationship with the environmentally related issues. The analysis therefore, should help academia and policy makers to generate new knowledge-based development strategies that might solve human mobility and conflicts which probably instigated due to climate change and/or climate variability impacts.