Dogwhistles and Figleaves explores ways in which political discourse in recent years has become more openly racist, and accepting of wildly implausible conspiracy theories. Jennifer Saul shows how two linguistic devices, dogwhistles and figleaves, have played a crucial role in this, and have exploited and widened existing divisions in society.
Pinpoints how "dogwhistles" and "figleaves," two kinds of linguistic trick, distort political discourse and normalize racism
It is widely accepted that political discourse in recent years has become more openly racist and more accepting of wildly implausible conspiracy theories. Dogwhistles and Figleaves explores ways in which such changes--both of which defied previously settled norms of political speech--have been brought about. Jennifer Saul shows that two linguistic devices, dogwhistles and figleaves, have played a crucial role. Some dogwhistles (such as "88", used by Nazis online to mean "Heil Hitler") serve to disguise messages that would otherwise be rejected as unacceptable, allowing them to be transmitted surreptitiously. Other dogwhistles (like the 1988 "Willie Horton" ad) work by influencing people in ways that they are not aware of, and which they would likely reject were they aware. Figleaves (such as "just asking questions") take messages that could easily be recognized as unacceptable, and provide just enough cover that people become more willing to accept them. Saul argues that these devices are important for the spread of racist discourse. She also shows how they contribute to the transmission of norm-violating discourse more generally, focusing on the case of wildly implausible conspiracist speech. Together, these devices have both exploited and widened existing divisions in society, and normalized racist and conspiracist speech. This book is the first full-length exploration of dogwhistles and figleaves. It offers an illuminating and disturbing view of the workings of contemporary political discourse.
How did racism and blatant falsehood become so mainstream in U.S. politics? An essential part of the answer to this question is that racist political language has evolved to assume forms coded to be audible only to its followers, and forms that can stay undeciphered even by those under its influence--thus the overt and covert dogwhistle. Another essential adaptation discerned by Saul is the figleaf, which provides cover for a racist and/or blatantly false idea, enabling it to be paraded in public where once it would not have been accepted. With perfect pitch for the ruses of nefarious political speech, Saul's analysis brings out its recent modulations in resonant philosophical form.
