ROBERT M. GRANT is Emeritus Professor of Strategic Management at Bocconi University, Italy. He has taught business strategy at Georgetown University, London Business School, UCLA, Insead, and California Polytechnic. He is known for his work on resource-based and knowledge-based approaches to strategy formulation. Grant has worked with leading international companies such as Kraft Foods, American Express, BP, Zurich Financial Services, Eni, and Lockheed Martin.