This book explores the historical factors and social transformations that shaped the modern Chinese academic system during the late Qing and early Republican periods, with a particular focus on such influential figures as Zhang Taiyan and Hu Shi. Through a combination of historical analysis and cultural criticism, it delves into themes such as "truth-seeking" and practical application within the context of evolving intellectual currents. Readers gain valuable insights into the evolution of modern Chinese scholarship, enhancing their understanding of its complexities and significance within the broader academic landscape.